Effect of vaccination against Covid-19 one year after its introduction in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, several efforts have been made to develop, distribute and administer safe and effective vaccines to reduce morbidity and mortality and control the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aimed to analyze the effect of vaccination against Covid-19, one year after its introduction in Brazil. METHODS: An ecological study that analyzed the general effect of vaccination against Covid-19 on disease morbidity and mortality indicators among the Brazilian population aged 18 years or older per epidemiological week (EW), comparing the pre and postvaccination period. Morbidity and mortality indicators were calculated from secondary databases (hospitalization rate, severity, case fatality rate and mortality) and vaccination coverage by age groups (18 to 59 years and 60 years or older). Morbimortality trends were estimated using the JoinPoint model and their association with vaccine coverage using the Poisson model. RESULTS: The average weekly percentage change (AWPC) of morbidity and mortality indicators reduced after the introduction of Covid-19 vaccination: hospitalization rate (from 15.3% to -6.0%), severity (from 0.4% to -0.2%), case fatality rate (from 0.3% to -0.2%) and mortality (from 20.5% to -4.3%). The following indicators were inversely associated with the increase in vaccine coverage against Covid-19: hospitalization (IRR: 0.974), mortality (IRR: 0.975) and lethality for people aged 60 years or older (IRR: 0.997). CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the three epidemic waves and the circulation of variants of concern, the general effect of vaccination against Covid-19 in reducing the trend of morbidity and mortality from the disease in Brazil was demonstrated. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mass vaccination program against Covid-19 and may inform future public health policies.

[Prevalence and intensity of geohelminths infection characterizing the socio-cultural and environmental factors that affect the infection of school children, Paraguay, 2015]. / Prevalencia e intensidad de infección por geohelmintos, caracterizando los factores socio culturales y ambientales que inciden en la infección de escolares, Paraguay, 2015.

INTRODUCTION: Currently, Paraguay has no data on the prevalence of soil-transmitted geohelminth infection in schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years. AIM: To determine the prevalence and intensity of infection by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms and the socio-cultural-environmental characteristics of the affected population. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study, in three semi-tropical climatic zones: continental, semi steppe and humid. A total of 1,404 schoolchildren from 20 schools in eight departments were selected from the country's three climate zones. Copro-parasitological exams were analyzed in situ with the Kato-Katz method. RESULTS: The national prevalence for geohelminthiasis was 3.73% (95% CI = 2.8-4.8). The risk factors found were consumption of well water OR: 2.88 (95% CI = 1.64-2.07), ground floor in housing OR: 2.56 (95% CI = 1.45-4.50) and lack of flushing water baths in households OR: 2.29 (95% CI = 1.23-4.28). CONCLUSION: Although the national prevalence of geohelminthiasis was low, it is recommended to promote good hygienic practices, use of footwear, and safe water consumption, as well as designing interventions with all relevant sectors to improve access to safe water and improved basic sanitation facilities.

Seroprevalencia de leptospirosis y factores asociados en trabajadores del servicio de aseo urbano de la Municipalidad de Asunción, Paraguay / Seroprevalence of leptospirosis and associated factors in workers of the urban cleaning service of the Municipality of Asuncion, Paraguay

Introduction: Leptospirosis is a serious infectious disease that has been linked to occupational activities such as farmers, sewer workers, garbage collectors, butchers and veterinarians. It is acquired through contact with major reservoirs like rodents, pets, or the environment contaminated by their urine. In Paraguay, there are no published reports on the seroprevalence of leptospirosis related to work activity. Objective: To determine the seroprevalence and factors associated with transmission of leptospirosis in urban sanitation workers. Methodology: Descriptive transversal study. The study included workers from the Department of Urban Cleanliness of the City of Asuncion, who had completed at least one month on the job and who agreed to particípate in the study. Sampling was stratified and proportional to the number of workers. After informed consent was obtained, participants were surveyed and a blood sample was taken for detection of Leptospira IgG antibodies by ELISA. Results: Leptospirosis seroprevalence was 8.6% (29/339), all positive cases were male and prevalence was statistically higher in workers of the collection area than in those of other work areas. Conclusion: We found a lower than expected seroprevalence. However, conditions observed at work and at home are conducive to transmission of infection. We recommend the improvement of prevention strategies and health promotion in this population.

Introducción: La leptospirosis es una enfermedad infecciosa grave que ha sido vinculada con actividades ocupacionales, en los agricultores, trabajadores de alcantarillas, recolectores de basura, carniceros y veterinarios; se adquiere a través del contacto con sus principales reservorios como roedores, animales domésticos o ambiente contaminado por su orina. En Paraguay no se tiene reportes publicados sobre la seroprevalencia de leptospirosis relacionados a la actividad laboral. Objetivo: Determinar la seroprevalencia y factores laborales asociados a la transmisión de la leptospirosis en trabajadores de aseo urbano. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en el que fueron incluidos trabajadores del Departamento de Aseo Urbano de la Municipalidad de Asunción, con una antigüedad mínima de un mes y que aceptaron participar del estudio. El muestreo fue probabilístico estratificado, proporcional al número de trabajadores. Previo consentimiento informado, los participantes fueron encuestados, y se extrajo una muestra de sangre para la detección de anticuerpos del tipo IgG anti Leptospira por el método de ELISA. Resultados: La seroprevalencia de leptospirosis fue de 8,6% (29/339), todos los casos positivos fueron del sexo masculino, los trabajadores del área de recolección tuvieron una prevalencia estadísticamente mayor que aquellos de otras áreas de trabajo. Conclusión: Se encontró una seroprevalencia menor a la esperada. Sin embargo, a pesar de la prevalencia relativamente baja, las condiciones observadas, tanto en el trabajo como en el hogar, son propicias para la transmisión de la infección por lo que se recomienda mejorar las medidas preventivas y de promoción de la salud en esta población.

[Seroprevalence of leptospirosis and associated factors in workers of the urban cleaning service of the Municipality of Asuncion, Paraguay]. / Seroprevalencia de leptospirosis y factores asociados en trabajadores del servicio de aseo urbano de la Municipalidad de Asunción, Paraguay.

INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is a serious infectious disease that has been linked to occupational activities such as farmers, sewer workers, garbage collectors, butchers and veterinarians. It is acquired through contact with major reservoirs like rodents, pets, or the environment contaminated by their urine. In Paraguay, there are no published reports on the seroprevalence of leptospirosis related to work activity. OBJECTIVE: To determine the seroprevalence and factors associated with transmission of leptospirosis in urban sanitation workers. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive transversal study. The study included workers from the Department of Urban Cleanliness of the City of Asuncion, who had completed at least one month on the job and who agreed to particípate in the study. Sampling was stratified and proportional to the number of workers. After informed consent was obtained, participants were surveyed and a blood sample was taken for detection of Leptospira IgG antibodies by ELISA. RESULTS: Leptospirosis seroprevalence was 8.6% (29/339), all positive cases were male and prevalence was statistically higher in workers of the collection area than in those of other work areas. CONCLUSION: We found a lower than expected seroprevalence. However, conditions observed at work and at home are conducive to transmission of infection. We recommend the improvement of prevention strategies and health promotion in this population.